Cal Dental Assoc – No Fluoride for Babies
The California Dental Association (CDA) joins a growing list of researchers, dental and health organizations advising against regularly mixing infant formula with fluoridated water to avoid discoloring babies’ developing teeth (fluorosis). But little effort is made to inform the public, reports the New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation, Inc. (NYSCOF).
“Neither a nutrient nor required for healthy teeth, fluoride chemicals are added to many public water supplies and some bottled water in a failed attempt to reduce tooth decay,” says attorney Paul Beeber, NYSCOF President.
“…mixing powdered or liquid infant formula concentrate with fluoridated water on a regular basis for infants primarily fed in this way may increase the chance of a child’s developing enamel fluorosis,” according to the CDA’s Feb 2010 Report, Oral Health During Pregnancy and Early Childhood: Evidence-Based Guidelines for Health Professionals. (1)
In March 2006, the National Research Council (NRC) cautioned that infants can fluoride-overdose via reconstituted baby formula. (2) The American Dental Association (ADA) passed this information on to its members in a November 2006 e-gram (3) which the ADA reaffirmed and strengthened in a November 2009 News Release (4) .
The ADA defines moderate fluorosis as “All tooth surfaces affected; marked wear on biting surfaces; brown stain may be present” and severe fluorosis as “All tooth surfaces affected; discrete or confluent pitting; brown stain present.” Mild fluorosis is white spotted teeth affecting about 25% to 50% of tooth surfaces. (5)
National data (1986–-1987) shows dental fluorosis is a huge U.S. problem with 62 percent of 5 – 17 year-olds afflicted with white spotted, yellow, brown and/or pitted teeth. (6) Data from 1999-2000 shows that fluorosis has increased further since then. (7 )
The Food and Drug Administration ruled that fluoridated bottled water cannot be marketed for infants as a decay preventive. ( 8 )
In November 2007, The Globe and Mail quotes ADA spokesman and University of California dental professor, Howard Pollick, as saying the ADA recommendation applies to infants under one year of age who consume a lot of formula and “are at risk for developing some level of dental fluorosis.” Dr. Pollick said the risks occur at the level of fluoride recommended for U.S. water systems. (9)
Health Canada reported in 2008 “The consumption of powdered infant formula reconstituted with fluoridated water could lead to excessive intake of fluoride in infants.”(10)
Other government and medical groups which advise against mixing infant formula with fluoridated water:
The Centers for Disease Control (11)
The Academy of General Dentistry (12)
The Vermont Department of Health (13)
Delta Dental (14)
The Minnesota Dental Association (15)
This information has been known for decades:
“Studies of fluoride levels of baby formulas and cereals have shown a significant increase in the fluoride content when fluoridated water was used for processing these foods,” was reported by Kumar et al. in the May 1989 American Journal of Public Health.
Some scientists tried in vain [in January 1990] to get the word out as described in “Suppression by Medical Journals of a Warning about Overdosing Formula-Fed Infants with Fluoride,” published in 1997 in the Journal Accountability in Research. (17)
“Four major [fluorosis] risk factors were consistently identified: use of fluoridated drinking water, fluoride supplements, fluoride toothpaste, and infant formulas before the age of six years,” reported Mascarenhas in 2000 (July-August Pediatric Dentistry). (18)
“Infant beverages, particularly infant formulas prepared with fluoridated water, can increase the risk of fluorosis in primary teeth,” reported Marshall et al. in Journal of the American College of Nutrition (April 2004) (19)
“A major effort should be made to avoid use of fluoridated water for dilution of formula powders (Fluoride in Dentistry).” (20)
“Our analysis shows that babies who are exclusively formula fed face the highest [fluorosis] risk,” reports the Environmental Working Group. (21)
“The entire Board [Burlington VT Board of Health] holds serious concerns about the current fluoride exposure of infants between the ages of zero and six months. We deem this exposure to be a ’significant public health risk’, and one that should be given immediate attention by the city and state.” (22)
“Some risk of increasing fluorosis may be attributed to the ingestion of powdered infant formula reconstituted with fluoridated water,” (Pizzo et al. Clinical Oral Investigations, Feb 2007) (23)
At least eleven other studies link reconstituted formula with fluorosis.(24a-k).
NYSCOF news releases in 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2010 (25a,b,c,d) cited many studies linking fluorosis to infant foods mixed with fluoridated water. (Also see: http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/infant )
“Instead of using their enormous resources to warn the public against mixing fluoridated water and infant formula, fluoridation proponents have created news releases attempting to discredit NYSCOF that actually reinforce NYSCOF’s science-based information (4, 26 ),” says Beeber.
http://aftermathnews.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/cal-dental-assoc-no-fluoride-for-babies/
Related posts:
- Harvard Study Finds Fluoride Lowers IQ – Published in Federal Gov’t Journal Harvard University researchers’ review of fluoride/brain studies concludes “our results...
- Dental Composites for Kids: Even Worse Than Mercury Amalgam? Dental Composites Linked To Behavioral Issues In Children Research...
- Germans & Russians Used Fluoride to Make Prisoners ‘Stupid & Docile’ “To whom it may concern: I, Oliver Kenneth Goff,...
Related posts brought to you by Yet Another Related Posts Plugin.
3,561,596 members
12,429,752 petition signatures
$19,571,785,510 diverted from Big Pharma


Here in Australia State ALP has ignored the warnings of the WHO NOT to use Sodium Fluoride Pesticide Poison in drinking water. Calcium Fluoride is far, far better for both teeth and bones. But they do not care.
I hear that fluoride is also something that tends to affect the psychology of drinkers – making them more compliant with authority. I’d be interested to know if this claim has any scientific basis. It would certainly explain the frantic efforts of governments to fluoridate our water.
Yes indeed, fluoride makes you docile among other things.
Dr. Russell Blaylock, MD, Board Certified Surgeon discusses MSG, Flouride, and Aspartame
* Fluoride, a known rat poison, was first produced by the Nazis to keep prisoners docile. It alters how the brain controls the thyroid gland, decreases fertility. Increases oral cancers and gingivitis. It binds in thyroid so it accumulates in the body. American Dental Association now admits that it weakens the enamel and does not decrease cavities in teeth. It does lower IQ, causes Downs Syndrome.
New research shows it is toxic to the brain and multiple organs. There’s enough fluoride (1500 parts per million) in one tube of toothpaste to be fatal. (There’s 10 times that amount in some of the gels and mouthwashes.)
Back when the aluminum industry was starting they realized they had a huge amount of fluoride produced in the process.
They hired someone to see what use they could find for it. He went to a town in Arkansas that had a high level in their water. He wrote a paper saying that it seemed to have an effect of reducing cavities. It turned out however that it really caused the loss of teeth altogether. But he hit on the idea that we could just put a little bit in the water and thought that would catch on. AMA came out against at first since it was known to be one of the most powerful cell poisons known.
Soon, though after receiving huge financial donations from the aluminum industry, they changed their minds.
Over 7,000 employees in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have petitioned the EPA through their union to stop water fluoridation because it isn’t safe.
Fluoride is NOT an essential nutrient that your body needs, the type of fluoride used in your water is a waste product and a toxin that prematurely ages your body. Austrian researchers proved in the 1970s that as little as 1 ppm fluoride concentration can disrupt DNA repair enzymes by 50%. When DNA can’t repair damaged cells, you get older much quicker.
Fluoride also mineralizes the tendons, and muscles and ligaments, making them crackly and painful and inflexible. At the same time fluoride interferes with mineralization of bones and teeth, causing osteoporosis and mottling or dental fluorosis. You heard me right — fluoride can wreck your teeth.
The chief chemist of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Dean Burk, when confronted with mountains of data, stated before Congress:
“In point of fact, fluoride causes more human cancer death, and causes it faster than any other chemical.”
– Congressional Record 21 July 1976
http://www.sailhome.org/Concerns/BodyBurden/Burdens/Fluoride.html#SSRI
Fluoridation — the addition of fluorosilicic acid.
Fluoride in water does nothing to reduce cavities — in fact cavities increase because fluoride weakens tooth enamel.
But that’s the tip of the iceberg…
In 1936 the Journal of the American Dental Association said that 1 ppm fluoride is as toxic as arsenic and lead.
In its September 18, 1943 issue, the Journal of the American Medical Association said that fluorides are general protoplasmic poisons, changing the permeability of the cell membrane by certain enzymes.
In spite of such warnings, communities began adding fluoride to drinking water in 1945.
Why?
Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production. Millions of tons of fluoride were essential for the manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War. National security and economic opportunity set events in motion.
In spite of clear and overwhelming evidence about the neurotoxicity of fluoride, it was introduced into drinking water and the food chain.
Fluoride is not a nutrient. It has no value as a “dietary supplement”. It is not an essential trace element and it has no positive role in human metabolism.
Fluoride
• Is a known neurotoxin
• Can induce oxidative stress, damage DNA, and lead to apoptosis (cell death)
• Inhibits mitochondrial function
• Impairs thyroid function
• Directly affects reproductive capacity. In males it reduces sperm count. In women it affects fertility
• Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are associated with cancer
• Is excitotoxic. The symptoms of fluoride toxicity are similar to other illnesses connected with excitotoxicity
• Accumulates in the body much faster than it is cleared
The EPA maximum allowed level of fluoride in drinking water is 4 ppm. The American Dental Association (ADA) continues to recommend water fluoridation of 0.7 ppm to 1.2 ppm.
In 2006 the US National Research Council (NRC) released a report stating:
• Stage II and Stage III skeletal fluorosis can occur at levels less than 2 ppm
• Bone fractures can develop at exposures of 1.5 ppm and possibly lower
• Dental fluorosis occurs at the level of municipal water fluoridation — 0.7 ppm to 1.2 ppm
• Stage I skeletal fluorosis (manifested as pain and stiffness in joints, arthritis) can occur at 0.02 ppm (20 ppb)
• A “standard man” (70 kg or 154 lb) with low iodine level (typical American) can experience decreased thyroid function at 0.01 ppm (10 ppb)
• Fluoride has adverse effects on the brain, especially in combination with aluminum
These levels can affect children more seriously. Synergy with other toxic burdens also make these levels more serious.
Silicofluorides (SiFs), fluosilicic acid (FSA) and sodium fluosilicate (NaFSA), are used to fluoridate over 90% of U.S. fluoridated municipal water supplies.
Water treated with a silicofluoride corrodes lead-bearing brass plumbing. Children living in a community with fluoridated water are twice as likely to have elevated lead in their blood (>10 ppm).
There is no safe level of lead consumption.
Silicofluoride treated water interferes with cholinergic function. This is neurotoxic throughout the body.
Chloramine — a combination of chlorine and ammonia — is a disinfectant commonly added to public water supplies. Start here to find out what is added to your drinking water.
When fluorosilicic acid and chloramine occur together in the water supply, 3x to 4x more lead leaches from pipe systems into the water. Note that chloramine by itself exhibits this problem.
A side comment about chloramine: haloacetonitriles are drinking water contaminants produced during chlorine disinfection. They are among the most toxic byproducts created when water is disinfected with chlorine or chloramines. They are mutagenic and carcinogenic.
Yet 70% of all organic halogens in drinking water remain unidentified. Toxic synergy between fluoride, heavy metals, or other chemicals remains unstudied.
Similarly, chloramine also produces chloropicrin in varying amounts depending on the origin of the water and other factors. Chloropicrin happens to be a toxin used along with Vikane to fumigate homes and schools.
Citizens Concerned About Chloramine (CCAC) provide clear information about chloramines.
Fluoride (along with a surprising array of chemicals) can legally be applied to organic produce.
It is listed as Sodium Fluoride in the EPA’s List of Other (Inert) Pesticide Ingredients List 4 – Inerts of Minimal Concern.
Items in this list are allowed for use in the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) rules on National Organic Standards (NOS).
Historically, sodium fluoride (NaF) was widely used as rat poison and insecticide.
The fluoride ion is highly reactive and forms complexes with most other elements including metal ions. Generally these complexes make the metal’s toxicity much worse (synergistic toxicity).
By themselves, aluminum and fluoride each are neurotoxic.
Of all metal ions, aluminum (Al3+) binds to fluoride (F-) most strongly. Both F- and Al3+ are readily bio-available in the food chain and from environmental exposure. Only a trace amount of Al is needed to form biologically active fluoride complexes. Al-F complexes are formed in body fluid (saliva, gastric juices, etc.)
AlF3 may readily cross both the blood-brain barrier and neuronal cell membranes. This study displayed how aluminum fluoride alters neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity more than sodium fluoride.
Here are a few studies demonstrating how fluoride and aluminum are synergistically toxic.
Aluminum is often added to drinking water as a flocculant in the purification process.
The thyroid gland is one of the most sensitive glands in the body. It accumulates copious amounts of fluoride over a lifetime.
Fluoride binds inside of the thyroid gland.
Fluoride is strongly correlated with hypothyroidism.
Fluoride finds its way into many foods and sometimes is concentrated. Examples include:
Beer
Cereal
Chicken (mechanically de-boned)
Juice
Salt
Seafood
Soft drinks
Tea
Wine
Bottles of fluoridated water are marketed for babies — the product is easily found in the baby-food aisle at stores.
This study showed how easily infants can be exposed to high amounts of fluoride through “baby water”.
Until just recently the American Dental Association (ADA) recommended that fluoridated water be used to make baby formula. However, the ADA still advocates fluoride consumption from many other sources.
Dental fluorosis is just one symptom of chronic fluoride poisoning. It is absurd to pretend that fluoride causes no other harm in the body. Teeth mirror what’s happening in bones.
Fluoride is also used in thousands of chemical formulations that show up in daily use. A tiny set of examples include:
Anesthetics
Cigarettes
Mouthwash
Non-stick cookware
Pesticides
Phosphate fertilizers
Popcorn bags
Toothpaste
2.2 mg sodium fluoride contains 1 mg fluoride ion (F-). That makes oral hygiene products an abundant source of of ingestible fluoride.
The current EPA oral reference dose for fluoride is 1 ppm — a level that hasn’t changed since it was set in 1945.
On average, toothpaste contains 1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride. Mouthwash averages 500 to 2000 ppm. Swallowing either kind of product can produce a lethal dose in adults or children.
How much do you ingest when used correctly? Typically 15% to 30% — still a significant amount. See an interesting analysis here.
Some fluoride gels used by dentists contain 15,000 ppm fluoride.
One notable incident came about when a dentist in New York gave a 3-year-old boy a ‘routine’ fluoride treatment. It was the boy’s first trip to the dentist. The boy was not shown what to do with the ‘swish’ water he was being given and drank the water. The fluoride gel on his teeth went into his stomach — 3x the dose necessary to kill him. The child immediately began vomiting and complaining of dizziness and headaches, then drifted into a coma. He died within a few hours after swallowing the gel. (New York Times. January 20, 1979. Cited in Kennedy, How to Save Your Teeth, pp. 133-135)
A more recent approach is to apply “fluoride varnish” to teeth. The mixture (sometimes combined with triclosan) is designed to provide a slow release of fluoride.
However, the fluoride is still being absorbed and ingested. Plus there is evidence (here, here, and here) that fluoride actually increases gingivitis and oral cancers.
Besides being the precursor to tooth loss, gingivitis and periodontal disease are also associated with increased cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, infants with low birth weight, premature births, and early pregnancy loss.
In other words gingivitis (inflammation) and periodontal disease (damage to the gums) are markers for fluoride toxicity.
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs are commonly prescribed to treat depression.
These drugs incorporate fluorine into their chemical structure.
Brand Name
Generic Name
Celexa
‣ citalopram
Lexapro
‣ escitalopram oxalate
Luvox
‣ fluvoxamine maleate
Paxil
‣ paroxetine
Prozac
‣ fluoxetine
Zoloft
‣ sertraline (chlorine instead of fluorine)
The drugs are designed to block metabolism of the neurotransmitter serotonin. The result is increased serotonin.
It appears this may not be a good approach. Excess of a neurotransmitter makes it excitotoxic.
This is significant because depression is an excitotoxic condition — it is the result of excess glutamate activation in the frontal cortex of the brain (basis here and here). Manipulating the level of serotonin does not address the underlying problem of excess glutamate. Instead it simply adds burden to the degenerative condition already underway. Recent research indicates that genetic variability in glutamate activity can make a significant number of people more sensitive to SSRI effects, including a much higher likelihood of expressing suicidal thoughts.
Serotonin receptors exist throughout the body. Altering the level of serotonin affects the entire body, not just the brain. Elevated serotonin is associated with
Agitation
Altered REM sleep behavior
Alzheimer’s
Anxiety
Autism spectrum disorders
Depression
Exhibitionism
Hostility
Impulsive behavior
Insomnia
Mental retardation
Mood disorders (wild mood swings)
Nightmares
Organic brain disease
Psychosis
Reckless driving
Schizophrenia
Substance abuse
Suicide
Violence
Several things happen as the SSRI forces a constant excitotoxic state — serotonin receptors die off, serotonin levels become depleted, and a cascade of metabolic disruption takes place. The person becomes acutely worse. Additional conditions SSRI’s have been shown to directly trigger include
Angina pectoris
Atrial fibrillation
Bone fractures
Cardiac arrhythmia
Congestive heart failure
Diarrhea
Dystonia
Gastrointestinal distress
Hemorrhages
Hypertension
Hypotension
Migraine syncope
Mood swings
Myocardial infarction
Nausea
Obesity
Osteoporosis
Seizures
Sexual dysfunction
Tachycardia
Trigeminy
Vascular headache
Vomiting
Also, any SSRI crosses the placenta and exposes the fetus to its effects.
There are hundreds of high-profile cases of murders, suicides, school shootings, incidents of workplace violence, road rage and other events — all tied to the use of prescription SSRI drugs.
Large clinical studies in the U.K. show SSRIs increase suicides by at least 3x. According to GlaxoSmithKline internal data the rate is at least 6.4x. These results are based on short-term trials (4-6 weeks). In real-world use the rate may be 60x higher, but nobody has been paid publicly to study that.
CAUTION: If you are currently taking an SSRI and want or need to stop, it is important not to simply go “cold turkey” or to reduce use too quickly. It can take months to safely discontinue use of these drugs. It is imperative you consult a qualified practitioner. These drugs are dangerous to start, and dangerous to stop.
The internet is filled with additional information. Here are just a few starting points
‣ Prozac’s House of Horrors
‣ Wikipedia
‣ DrugAwareness.org
‣ McGill University Health Centre
‣ Whale
There is financial pressure to invent and patent new drugs to replace revenue lost when older drugs become generic. One such example is LY2140023 by Eli Lily.
This drug is designed so that a chemical metabolite referred to as LY404039 is released into the body. Instead of blocking serotonin function, LY404039 suppresses the function of glutamate receptors.
This new drug may avoid certain side-effects associated with serotonin disruption, but new and serious symptoms should be expected whenever neurotransmitter activity is tinkered with. Because of the manner in which drugs are approved, it is likely that these symptoms won’t be revealed until a large population has already begun prescription use of the drug.
Also, it is expected that LY404039 will be used synergistically with atypical antipsychotics, meaning that serotonin and glutamate activity will be intentionally disrupted simultaneously.
Synthetic statins are another group of drugs made with fluoride. They are commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol.
Generic Name
Brand Name
‣ Atorvastatin
Lipitor, Torvast
‣ Fluvastatin
Lescol, Lescol XL
‣ Pitavastatin
Livalo, Pitava
‣ Rosuvastatin
Crestor
‣ Simvastatin + Ezetimibe
Vytorin
‣ Atorvastatin + Amlodipine Besylate
Caduet
But clogged arteries (atherosclerosis) are not caused by cholesterol, they are caused by inflammation.
Among other effects (here and here), statin drugs reduce the level of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, aka ubiquinone). This leads to a disruption in mitochondrial function, in turn leading to excitotoxicity at points throughout the body.
The prologue found here contains a fascinating summary about the hidden toxic effects of fluoridation. The entire document is a riveting read about humans subjected to extreme chemical exposure.
More information, including peer-reviewed research, can be accessed at:
‣ Fluoride Research
‣ Second Look, especial their bibliography of scientific literature on fluoride
‣ Fluoride Action Network
‣ Keepers of the Well
‣ No Fluoride
‣ Environmental Working Group
Do you know if naturally fluoridated water causes the same damage? I grew up in west Texas in the 1940s and 1950s where the water is naturally flouridated. In fact many of my little friends drank only bottled water until about age 10. From birth until age 5 our water source was from a well on the farm. Then we move into town and my mother wouldn’t buy bottled water so I drank water from the tap. My teeth became heavily stained. As a child my arms, legs and feet often ached. As an adult I have fibromyalgia which causes pain and spasms in the muscles, tendons and ligaments. It’s never occurred to me that the water I drank as a child could be a possible cause of fibromyalgia that has symptoms so similar to what you described.
Dear Darlene -
Yes, it is entirely possible that your fibromyalgia may be, in part, caused by your intake of naturally highly fluoridated water. However, it is likely that, over your lifetime you have had exposure to other fluoride sources that have added to your body burden. There are MANY sources of fluoride in different forms that can do this.
My organization, Second Look, and particularly our program, the Fluoride Toxicity Research Collaborative (FTRC)have been focusing on fluoride poisoning in individuals. (Check out our website-within-our-website, the FTRC WebCenter). This is a huge, but invisible and unacknowledged, epidemic. You are welcome to email me to make an appointment to talk further about this, if you wish.
Best to you,
Deb Moore
Deborah E. Moore, PhD
Executive Director
Second Look
secondlook1@earthlink.net
http://www.SLweb.org
How come when something is adopted by governments, we (our government) never look back to see if it is working for (or against) us.
I found out twenty years agio that flouride was a deadly poison and have avoided it ever since – - in drinking water and in toothpaste. There is only one brand of toothpaste (Tom’s of Maine) that I have found to be flouride free that I buy for my seven year old son. Flouride is “supposed” to be good only for children’s teeth, so why is it put into all toothpastes? We have Children’s and Adult forms of most drugs, why havn’t toothpaste companies done the same.
Are we just trying to dispertse our toxic wastes throughout the population? What other “good” reason could there be for this action?
Tom
Has flouridated water statistically reduced the incidence of cavities in the populations using it? (Seems to me dentists are as busy as ever, but I’m wondering whatthe research shows)
There is lots of science behind fluorides affecting psychology. Take a look at Prozac, it is a fluoride compound as well as other brand name antidepressants.
It was determined since 2004, through testing by various water utilities, whereby it had been discovered, that anywhere from 300, to 316 contaminants or pollutants, were found to exist in the tap water that Americans normally drink.
Several states across the contiguous U.S., are artificially fluoridating their drinking water supplies, with toxic industrial chemical pollutants, e.g., Fluorosilicic Acid/Hydrofluorosilicic Acid (HFS/HFSA).
This malicious malpractice, or premeditated act, whereby official governmental agencies, are intentionally polluting drinking water supplies and, with poisonous (SKULL AND BONES) industrial pollutants, is widely being carried out.
It is also a common practice; recommended by the FEDERAL government, and implemented by many provincial and municipal governments across Canada too.
These fluoride chemicals, normally of “commercial grade,” are available 365 days a year, and typically from the State of Florida. The use of these chemicals, to artificially fluoridate drinking water supplies, is condoned by many publicly elected politicians. Therefore; certain politicians, and or civil service employees, are intentionally complicit in this premeditated contamination of our drinking water, with otherwise known to be; toxic, corrosive and carcinogenic industrial pollutants. Knowingly and purposely; it is purchased from CORPORATE suppliers, only to be added to our drinking water, further increasing the already heavy burdens, of contaminants in our body systems.
Read more: http://canadiansforhealthfreedom.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/dont-go-near-the-water/
Having come from a part of the world where natural fluoride is high and then being educated in the UK where fluoride was added to the water along with fluoride treatments in school, I suffer from fluorosis.
Personally I can see no good reason to medicate an entire population on any grounds. I find it immoral.
Fluoride is a toxin (as stated on toothpaste packaging) the swallowing of which needs emergency medical help. According to research its toxicity lies in between that of lead and arsenic.
However, as an aside to the inclusion of fluoride in drinking water, currently there is a plan to add lithium to the water supplies too, after tests done in Japan found the population more docile – they should be, lithium is used in the treatment of manic depression and bi-polar disorders. This can be found as a BBC report here.
This amounts to the medicating, drugging and poisoning of entire populations without their consent.